System composition¶

The stack splits cleanly into a confident half and an operational-technology heart. The confident half is well attested from procurement, careers pages and adverts: an SAP core on Azure for enterprise and market, GE Smallworld with Lovion and IBM Maximo for the network model and asset register, and a Landis+Gyr, Iskraemeco, Kaifa and Sagemcom metering base over Utility Connect’s CDMA network. The heart took longer to pin but now resolves: Alstom’s e-terra runs SCADA, EMS and DMS, now under GE Vernova, with e-terracontrol’s own SQL Server historian. What stays open is narrower than it was, the protection-relay maker is inferred as Siemens SIPROTEC and Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories from engineering-tool usage rather than independently confirmed, and the OT-monitoring product is unnamed in public sources.

The reason to map the stack at all is that each named tool is also an evidence store. Adverts name the tool, procurement specifications enumerate the observables a system emits by design, and the technical standards, IEC 60870-5-104, IEC 61850, IEC 62443 and 62351, COMTRADE and CIM, supply the a priori vocabulary for those observables. So the composition can be read as a map of what evidence normal operation creates and where it lives.